THE MODALS

 THE MODALS

USES OF MODALS

(A) USE OF SHALL

(B) USE OF WILL

(C) USE OF WOULD

(D) USE OF SHOULD

(E) USED TO CAN

(F) USED TO COULD

(G) USED TO MAY

(H) USED TO MIGHT

(I)  USED OF MUST

(J) USED OF OUGHT TO 

(K) USED OF NEED

Definition:

वे Helping Verbs जो Main Verbs के mode अर्थात् attitude को व्यक्त करते हैं Modals कहलाते हैं। मुख्य Modals हैं -- Will, Shall, Should, Would, May, Might, Must, Need, Ought to, Used to. Modals की विशेषताएँ--

(1) ये काल्पनिक action जैसे ability (सामर्थ्य), power (शक्ति), permission (अनुमति), request (प्रार्थना), possibility (सम्भावना), willingness (सहमति) आदि को व्यक्त करते हैं।

(2) इनका प्रयोग अकेले नहीं होता बल्कि सदैव Main Verb के साथ होता है। (3) इन पर Subject के number, gender अथवा person का कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता। (4) इनके साथ Verb की First Form का प्रयोग होता है। (5) केवल ought और used के बाद 'to' का प्रयोग होता है।

USES OF MODALS (a) Use of 'Shall'

Rule 1: I, We अर्थात् First Person के Pronouns के साथ Future Tense में shall का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे

(i) I shall go there. (ii) We shall do it. (iii) I shall not buy the book.

(iv) Shall we not bathe tomorrow. Rule 2: Second तथा Third Person के Pronouns अर्थात् He, She, It, They, You और Singular एवं Plural Nouns के साथ shall का प्रयोग वचन (promise), अनिवार्यता या धमकी (Necessity or Threat) प्रकट करने के लिए होता है; जैसे

(i) He shall help your brother. (वह तुम्हारे भाई की सहायता अवश्य

करेगा।) (ii) They shall do it. (उन्हें यह कार्य करना पड़ेगा।) (iii)You shall get sweets on Children's Day. (तुम्हें वचन दिया जाता है

कि बाल दिवस पर मिठाई अवश्य मिलेगी।) (iv) You shall not enter my room again. (तुम पुनः मेरे कमरे में नहीं

आओगे।) (b) Use of 'Should'

Rule 1: Shall का Past Tense 'Should' है। इस दशा में Noun Clause (संज्ञा उपवाक्य) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे

 

(i) I said that I should help your brother.

(ii) We said that we should not fly kites. इस प्रकार के प्रयोग में should का अर्थ 'गा' है और यह Future in the Past प्रकट करता है।

Rule 2: Should का अर्थ 'चाहिए' भी है। इस रूप में should के प्रयोग में शिक्षा, सलाह, सुझाव और कर्त्तव्य प्रकट होते हैं; जैसे

(i) You should go for a walk daily. (ii) He should obey his teacher.

(iii) Your father is ill. He should see the doctor at once. (c) Use of 'Will

Rule 1: Will का प्रयोग सामान्य रूप से Future Time प्रकट करने के लिए Future Tense में He, She, It, They, Singular Nouns तथा Plural Nouns के साथ किया जाता है; जैसे--

(i) He will go there. (ii) She will come here. wu comenere.

TOH

I ROHD (iii) They will help you. (iv) It will not help me.

(v) The farmers will plough their fields. Rule 2: I, We के साथ Will का प्रयोग दृढ़ निश्चय, इच्छा, अनिवार्यता आदि प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे

(i) I will help you. (मैं निश्चय ही आपकी सहायता करूँगा।) (ii) We will be rewarded. (हमें अवश्य ही पुरस्कार मिलेगा।) (iii)We will fight injustice. (हम अन्याय के विरुद्ध संघर्ष करेंगे।) (iv)I will vacate your house within a month. (मैं आपका मकान एक माह

के अन्दर ही खाली कर दूंगा।) (d) Use of 'Would'

Rule 1: Will का Past Tense है 'Would' और इसी रूप में इसका प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे

(i) Kamala said that she would go to Delhi.

(ii) He said that he would not help me. इस प्रकार का प्रयोग Indirect (Reported) Speech में होता है।

Rule 2: वर्तमान काल में (Present Tense में) नम्र निवेदन (Polite Request) प्रकट . करने के लिए Would का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे--

(i) Would you please do it?

(ii) Would you please read the report? Rule 3: भूतकाल (Past Tense) में आदत (Habit) प्रकट करने के लिए Would का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे--

(i) He would go there in the evening. (ii) Sometimes our teacher would get angry.नात पडता

 

(iii) On Sundays I would run home in the morning.

(iv) He would sit and dream all day. Rule 4: दृढ़ निश्चय (Determination) और सहमति (Willingness) प्रकट करने के लिए Would का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे-- (i) He would have his own way.

(=He was determined to have his own way.) (ii) He said he would do his best for us. (iii) I know she would come if she could. Rule 5: Conditional Sentences (शर्त वाले वाक्यों) में Would का प्रयोग होता है;

--

(i) I would do it if I were you.

(ii) If he were here, I would tell him. (e) Use of 'Used to'

Rule 1: आदत प्रकट करने के लिए Would का प्रयोग 'Used to' के भाव में होता है; ott- He would sit. = He used to sit = It was his habit to sit.

Rule 2: भूतकाल में स्वाभाविक कार्य (Habitual Action) प्रकट करने के लिए used to का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे

(i) I used to play hockey when I was young. (ii) My mother used to tell me stories at night. (iii) I used to read the Ramayana daily.

(iv) Last year Rekha used to come daily. Present Tense a Future Tense # use at will use at it het dat Used to से ऐसे कार्य करने की आदत प्रकट होती है जो वर्तमान में समाप्त हो गया हो; इसलिए Future तक जाने का प्रश्न ही पैदा नहीं होता। (f) Use of 'Can'

Rule 1: Can का अर्थ है 'सकना'। इसका प्रयोग Present Tense में Ability (ur), Capacity (THAT IT IS a BTTha (permission) toe ons tot parce Etat ; AH(i) I can do it. (= I am able to do it.) - (Ability) (ii) My brother can drive a car. - (Capacity) (iii) The Principal can grant you leave. - (Authority) (iv) I cannot help you. (=I am unable to help you.) – (Capacity in the

negative) (v) Can you hear me? - (Ability) (vi) You can solve the question. (Capacity) (vii) I am so old that I cannot walk without a stick. (Ability) (viii) Bhawna can lend you money if she likes. (Capacity) (ix) Can you hear what the teacher is saying. (Ability) (x) The Principal can grant you concession in fees.(Power or Authority)

 

(xi) You can sit in my lawn. - (Permission) (xii) We can leave our office after 5 o'clock. (Permission) (xiii) You can borrow two books on your library card. - (Permission) (xiv) We cannot park our cars here. (Permission in the negative)

(xv) You cannot smoke in cinema halls. (Permission in the negative) (g) Use of 'Could'

Rule 1:Could-can का Past Tense है और इसका अर्थ होता है 'सका' या 'सकता T'BTA: could grabic (Past Tense) # great the beat ; te--

(i) You could come here yesterday. . (ii) He could not reach Allahabad in the morning. (iii) I could help you last year.

(iv) Rinku could speak English when he was only five years old. Rule 2: Present Tense में could का प्रयोग Polite Request (नम्र निवेदन) प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे

(i) Could I see you in the morning. (ii) Could you lend me some money for two days.

(iii) Could you tell me the way to the station? (h) Use of 'May'

"May' ft 3ref of 'Hohh Papa FHOT (a) 345 T UT AHI, (b) Fine सम्भावना, तथा (c) इच्छा प्रकट करने के लिए होता है।

Rule 1:May का प्रयोग आज्ञा लेने (To take Permission) या आज्ञा देने (To Give Permission) a forg Panel FIAT ; - (A) To Take Permission:

(i) May I come in? (ii) May I go out?

(iii) May we sit in the lawn? (B) To Give Permission:

(i) You may come in. (ii) You may go out. (iii) He may take these books. (iv) They may sit in the lawn.

(v) She may go to see the Taj. Rule 2: May at greit Parent are o ECHT o H H H at A FT (possibility) या सम्भाव्यता या शक्यता (Probability) व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता ; oth-(i) The news may be true.

(ii) The train may be late. (iii) It may rain today. (iv) He may be angry. (v) Rakesh may come today.

 

Rule 3: Wish (508) The art os for May at att fast glane;

(i) May you live long!

(ii) May God help you! (i) Use of 'Might' May at Past Tense Might for at stef 'HOT'I

Rule 1: Might का प्रयोग वर्तमान काल (Present Tense) में दूर की सम्भावना (Remote Possibility) at Dit is fans Panel GAT ;

(i) Manju is weak. She might fail. (ii) Ramesh has teased Suresh. He might complain to the Principal.

(iii) The sky is clear now but it might rain in the evening. Rule 2: Might war geita yana #qast HACHT (Remote Possibility in the Past) 27 apt og farge state; th

(i) Mahesh told me that Karan might use his cycle.

(ii) Last year I thought that my friend might help me. Rule 3: Might at great asta arrit (complex sentences) # Adverb Clause of Purpose # data; -

(i) He worked hard so that he might succeed.

(ii) He drew his sword that he might defend himself. Rule 4: Complex Sentence # of Principal Clause as a Noun Clause hot wat fenen Past Tense # at Noun Clause at foren # 795771 37ef # Might at gut alat ale Noun Clause at fonet dhe ora ant pgoe 3TETAT भूतकाल को प्रदर्शित करे; जैसे

(i) Kishan said that he might go to Delhi.

(ii) Kamla said that she might get her mother's permission. Rule 5: Indirect बनाते समय May को Might में बदल देते हैं परन्तु Might को Might i etdd ut

(i) Rama said to me, "I may go home."

Indirect: Rama told me that he might go home. (ii) Suman said to Sheela, "You might teach Himani."

Indirect: Suman told Sheela that she might teach Himani. (j) Use of 'Must'

Must का अर्थ है- चाहिए और इसकी Past Tense Form भी Must ही है। Must का प्रयोग Should एवं Ought to से भिन्न है क्योंकि Must के प्रयोग से अनिवार्यता (Compulsion) या बाध्यता (Necessity) तथा परिणाम (Result) या (Conclusion) Tone Etat ; ita

(i) You must go now. (Compulsion) (ii) It is eleven now. Mr. Kaushik must be in his office. (Conclusion) (iii) Your condition is not good. You must see a doctor immediately.

(Necessity)

 

(iv) We must defend our borders. (Obligation) (v) You must not read my diary. (Prohibition) (vi) The clerk must not leave the office before four o'clock.

(Prohibition) (vii) The teacher is teaching. So you must not make a noise.

(Prohibition) (k) Use of 'Ought to

Should और Must की तरह Ought to का अर्थ भी 'चाहिए' ही है परन्तु ought to का प्रयोग अन्य दोनों से भिन्न है। Ought के बाद to का प्रयोग किया जाना नितान्त आवश्यक है तथा to के बाद Bare Infinitive अर्थात् Verb की First Form प्रयुक्त की जाती है। Ought to के विभिन्न प्रयोग निम्न प्रकार हैं:

Rule 1: Moral Obligation (नैतिक कर्तव्य) -- (a) You ought to go there. (= It is your duty to go there.) (b) You ought to obey your teacher. = It is your duty to obey your teacher.) Rule 2: Strong Possibility (बहुत अधिक सम्भावना) --

(a) Indian team is very strong. It ought to win the match. (= Indian team is so strong that there is a strong possibility of its winning the match.) (1) Use of 'Need

Need का प्रयोग निषेधात्मक या नकारात्मक और प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में किया जाता है। Need के प्रयोग से आवश्यकता (Necessity) तथा बाध्यता (Compulsion) प्रकट होते हैं; जैसे

(i) You need not worry about Sonu. (ii) Samiksha need not go to hospital now.

(iii) Need he come to you everyday? ऊपर के वाक्यों में Need के प्रयोग से स्पष्ट है कि (a) प्रत्येक कर्ता के साथ Present Tense में Need ही आता है। Needs का प्रयोग अशुद्ध होगा; (b)Modal के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Present Tense में ही होता है; (c) Need के पश्चात् 'to' का प्रयोग नहीं होता; (d) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में Subject के पहले need का प्रयोग किया जाता है, Do या Does का नहीं। ऐसे वाक्यों में पहले Need, फिर Subject और उसके बाद अन्य बातें आती हैं।

EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE

(A) Fill in the blanks with Modals Will/Shall or Would/Should in the following sentences:

(1) I am eighteen. Next year I ............... be nineteen. (2)-We ............... go to Agra next week to see the Taj. (3) You ............... have this book next week. (4)

We ............... not allow you to go there. (5) She said that she ............... go to school. (6) ............... you run fast, you will catch the train. (7) His mother said,